10.5

3.5

5.5

27.5

Economic

Social

Political

All of the above

A large percentage of national income before taxes

A smaller percentage of national income before taxes

The same percentage of national income after taxes

An insignificant percentage of national income

H. Leibenstein

H. Leibenstein and W. Galenson

W: Galenson

W. Galenson and R. Nurkse

Low per capita income

Insufficiency of natural resources

Inadequate capital resources

Widespread unemployment

The underdeveloped countries are poor because they have a low capital to save and invest

The population upsurge is the main obstacle to the economic growth of underdeveloped countries

Due to their subsistence structure the underdeveloped countries are caught in the Malthusian low equilibrium trap

All of the above

There can be voluntary reduction in consumption, thereby freeing additional resources for investment

Unemployed or underemployed labour can be absorbed in the productive economy, increasing national income and the possibility of savings 

The government can require citizens to purchase long-term, non-negotiable bonds, and finance national investment programmes through private savings

Establishment of a State Marketing Boar for exports which may enable the govenment to purchase domestic goods

Foreign domination

Low level of technology

Small size of the market

Lack of savings

External economics 

Size of population

Internal economics

None of these

Perfect competition

Absence of externalities

A state of general equilibrium 

A living wage